Is It Safe to Use Cannabis While Pregnant or Breastfeeding?

With the increasing legalization, use and variety of cannabis products on the market, many pregnant and breastfeeding women question whether it is safe to continue using cannabis during these critical periods. Understanding the impact of cannabis on fetal development and child health is crucial for making informed decisions. This article explores the effects of cannabis while pregnant and breastfeeding, examining both current research and expert opinions.

Understanding cannabis

Cannabis, defined as either hemp or marijuana depending on the amount of Delta-9 THC it contains, includes compounds like THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). Typically, individuals consume cannabis using methods such as smoking, edibles, oils, and tinctures. Notably, some qualified patients use medical marijuana for conditions like chronic pain, anxiety, and nausea, which are also common issues during pregnancy [1]. However, it’s crucial to understand that cannabis can negatively affect a fetus if the mother uses cannabis. Likewise, cannabis may transfer to and affect a breastfeeding baby [2].

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Cannabis use during pregnancy

Prevalence and reasons

Though healthcare professionals strongly advise against it, cannabis use during pregnancy has become more common. Indeed, some pregnant women turn to cannabis to manage morning sickness, anxiety, and other pregnancy-related symptoms. However, identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and understanding its effects is vital for both maternal and fetal health [3].

Potential risks to the fetus

Research indicates that prenatal marijuana exposure can have significant effects on fetal development, and this may extend to cannabis generally or relate to the level of Delta-9 THC in marijuana. Indeed, the developing fetus is particularly vulnerable to substances consumed by the mother. For example, cannabis compounds, especially THC, can cross the placenta, leading to intrauterine cannabis exposure [4]. In turn, this exposure may affect the following processes:

Brain development: Cannabis exposure may affect the brain development of the fetus, potentially leading to impaired cognitive functioning later in life.
Physical growth: Prenatal cannabis use has been linked to fetal growth restriction and lower birth weights in some studies.
Adverse birth outcomes: Some studies show an increased risk of preterm birth and other adverse neonatal outcomes, such as admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Long-term development: Children prenatally exposed to cannabis may face developmental consequences, including child behavior problems and cognitive impairments [4].

Research findings

A systematic review of studies on prenatal cannabis exposure shows mixed results. For example, some studies report statistically significant adverse outcomes, while others find no major health risks [4]. Keep in mind, limitations in research, such as variations in cannabis potency and concurrent tobacco exposure, make it challenging to draw definitive conclusions [5].

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Err on the side of caution regarding consuming cannabis while pregnant

Even though studies on the effects of cannabis on a fetus are inconclusive, pregnant women should err on the side of caution and avoid cannabis use. The potential risks associated with prenatal exposure to cannabis, even if not definitively proven, could have significant implications for human development. For example, the gestational age at which exposure occurs can influence various pregnancy outcomes, such as fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and low birth weights. Additionally, early pregnancy is a critical period for fetal development, and exposure to cannabis during this time could potentially lead to long-term complications and adverse childhood outcomes [6].

In comparison to tobacco, the full scope of cannabis vs tobacco effects on fetal development is not yet fully understood. However, the precautionary principle suggests that avoiding any potential risk factors, including cannabis, is the best approach to ensuring a healthy pregnancy outcome. Pregnant women experiencing pain, anxiety, or other pregnancy complications should speak with their physician to receive appropriate prenatal care guidelines and discuss safe alternatives to cannabis. Moreover, healthcare providers can offer personalized guidance on managing these issues effectively, minimizing fetal exposure to harmful substances, and promoting better prenatal and postnatal health for both the mother and the child [6].

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Cannabis use while breastfeeding

Transmission through breast milk

Cannabis compounds can be transmitted through breast milk, potentially affecting the infant’s health. Thus, breastfeeding mothers who use cannabis may expose their babies to THC, which can be detected in breast milk for up to six days after use [7].

Potential risks to the infant

Infant development: Exposure to cannabis through breast milk can affect the infant’s cognitive and motor development.
Feeding patterns: Maternal cannabis use may impact breastfeeding patterns and milk production.
Long-term health: Research on the long-term health effects of cannabis exposure through breast milk is limited, but potential risks include developmental delays and behavioral issues [7].

Research findings

Though current research on the effects of cannabis exposure through breast milk is varied, healthcare professionals strongly advise against using cannabis while breastfeeding. While some studies suggest adverse health outcomes, others do not find significant effects. However, most expert opinions advise a breastfeeding mother against cannabis consumption until they are finished breastfeeding their baby [8].

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Legal and ethical considerations

The legal status of cannabis varies by region, affecting its accessibility and use. Thus, where medical and recreational marijuana are legal, ethical concerns arise from the potential health risks to the developing fetus and infant. Medical and public health organizations, including the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, advise against cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation due to insufficient evidence on safety [9].

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Alternatives to cannabis

Pregnant and breastfeeding women seeking alternatives to cannabis for managing symptoms should consider:

Non-pharmacological interventions: Techniques such as acupuncture, mindfulness, and yoga can help manage symptoms like nausea and anxiety.
Consultation with healthcare providers: Pregnant and nonpregnant women should discuss any symptoms and treatment options with their healthcare providers to ensure safe and effective care for themselves and their babies [10].

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Key takeaway: Is it safe to use cannabis while pregnant or breastfeeding?

The safety of cannabis use during pregnancy and breastfeeding remains uncertain, but the answer starts at no, it is not considered safe to use cannabis during pregnancy and breastfeeding. While some studies highlight potential risks such as adverse birth outcomes, fetal growth restriction, and developmental issues, others find no statistically significant effects [2]. However, given the current evidence, experts advise women to avoid cannabis use during these critical periods and seek guidance from healthcare providers [6].

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Additional resources:

For further information and support, contact your healthcare provider or local public health organization.

Medical Disclaimer / Legal Disclaimer – Information is provided for educational purposes. It does not and is not intended to constitute legal advice or medical advice. We attempt to be accurate and up-to-date, but the legality of cannabinoids and the science of cannabis are evolving. The author is neither a legal professional nor a medical expert. Before buying or using any products, you should check with your local authorities and medical providers.

References

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I use cannabis to manage morning sickness during pregnancy?

No, it is not considered safe. Healthcare professionals strongly discourage pregnant women from using cannabis to alleviate morning sickness. Cannabis use during pregnancy may pose risks to fetal development, including potential cognitive and behavioral issues. Thus, it’s best to discuss safer alternatives with your healthcare provider [2].

Is it safe to breastfeed if I use cannabis?

No, it is not considered safe. More specifically, cannabis compounds like THC can be passed to your baby through breast milk, potentially affecting their development and behavior. Thus, it’s important to avoid cannabis use while breastfeeding to ensure your baby’s health [7].

What are the potential risks of using cannabis during pregnancy?

Using cannabis during pregnancy can lead to adverse outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental problems in the child. Even though studies are inconclusive, avoiding cannabis is the safest option to protect your baby’s health [4]. Remember, always consult your physician for safe ways to manage pregnancy-related symptoms.